name | Amanita subsolitaria |
name status | nomen acceptum |
author | (Murrill) Murrill |
english name | "American Solitary Lepidella" |
synonyms |
=Amanita solitariiformis (Murrill) Murrill
=Amanita crassifolia Bas nom. prov. |
images |
1. Amanita subsolitaria, specimen with cake-like warts on pileus, New Jersey, U.S.A. 2. Amanita subsolitaria, Middlesex Co., New Jersey, U.S.A. 3. Amanita subsolitaria, specimen with granular warts on pileus, Middlesex Co., New Jersey, U.S.A. 4. Amanita subsolitaria, positive reaction for laccase, Middlesex Co., New Jersey, U.S.A. 5. Amanita subsolitaria, forking gills, Middlesex Co., New Jersey, U.S.A. 6. Amanita subsolitaria, specimen with yellowing syndrome, Middlesex Co., New Jersey, U.S.A. 7. Amanita subsolitaria, material originally determined as A. crassifolia Bas nom. prov., Middlesex Co., New Jersey, U.S.A. 8. Amanita subsolitaria, material originally determined as A. crassifolia Bas nom. prov., Middlesex Co., New Jersey, U.S.A. |
cap |
The cap of Amanita subsolitaria is 50 - 100 mm wide, white to off-white to cream to dull yellow orange, sometimes with pinkish or tan tints, orangish near the margin in age, convex to plano-convex, slightly umbonate, tacky when moist, shiny when dry, with an incurved or downcurved, appendiculate, and nonstriate margin, sometimes short-striate in age. The volva is present as white, becoming pale gray subfelted to floccose patches or compressed (cake-like) warts at the center to scales at the margin or off-white scattered fine powder, easily removable. The flesh is white, unchanging or staining pale tan, 8 - 11 mm thick over the stem, thinning rapidly to a membrane in the last 5 - 6 mm. |
gills |
The gills are free to narrowly adnate, crowded, growing cross-walls between them (anastomosing), sometimes forking (usually at least once or twice per fruiting body), pale orangish cream to yellowish cream to cream in mass, yellowish cream to cream in side view, 8.5 - 12 mm broad, with dense white flocculence on the edge. The short gills are rounded truncate to subtruncate to subattenuate to attenuate, unevenly distributed, of diverse lengths, and plentiful. |
stem |
The stem is (30-) 50 - 104 × (5-) 9 - 15 mm, narrowing upward or cylindric or slightly narrowing downward, flaring at the top, white to whitish, pale buff above the ring (when present), faintly browning with handling, at first covered with dense, white flocculence. The bulb is (20-) 28 - 34 (-48) × 14 - 45 mm, carrot-shaped to narrowly turnip-shaped, and rooting. The ring is absent or present as a thick, white, flocculence, and high on the stem. The volva is absent or present as fine, thin lines around the top of the bulb, sometimes becoming brownish gray lines the day after collection. The flesh is cream to sordid yellowish cream and solid. |
odor/taste |
The odor is like disinfectant in the calcium chloride group or pungent and strong like subalkaline with a floral element or marshmallow-like. |
spores |
Spores measure (7.3-) 9.1 - 14.0 (-21) × (3.5-) 4.2 - 5.2 (-6.0) µm and are cylindric to bacilliform (rarely elongate or ellipsoid) and amyloid. Clamps are present at bases of basidia. |
discussion |
Amanita subsolitaria grows with oak and pine and is a common species of the inner and outer coastal plain areas of New Jersey. Very frequently found in the sandy soils of the New Jersey Pine Barrens, it may also be found in clay of central New Jersey where there are mature oaks. Its range extends from Florida to Massachusetts (Cape Cod), U.S.A. Bas (1969) observed that Murrill might have named the same species twice (A. subsolitaria and A. solitariiformis). The only difference that Bas noted between them was that they differed in the structure of the universal veil—powdery in the former and rather robust and cake-like in the latter. However, as seen in the photograph above (top line, left) both these forms of volva can occur on a single cap. With the sole distinction between the taxa no longer sustainable, RET treats the names as synonyms. The cap of Amanita crassifolia is 30 - 48 mm wide, convex to plano-convex, white to pale yellowish with a slight brownish tinge over the center or entirely yellow, dry to subviscid, with a nonsulcate, appendiculate margin. The cap is at first completely covered by flocculose-verruculose layer of volva, later glabrous and shiny with scattered, vague, thin, subfloccose crusts or patches of volva; remnants of volva in particular turn deep yellow when rubbed.I have twice collected material that I determined as A. crassifolia from New Jersey pine barrens and notably it is found a short distance from a site that produces prolific quantities of A. subsolitaria, both normal and yellowing. Bas placed A. crassifolia tentatively in his Amanita stirps Straminea. However, he considered it possible that the material he reviewed could be a "small, lutescent variety" of A. subsolitaria. The only distinction he noted was in the length of chains of inflated cells in the volvas of the two species. My microscopic observations are consistent with those of Dr. Bas. Bas also considered the possibility that A. crassifolia was related to A. limbatula Bas. However, he was unable to locate an outer membranous layer of the volva on the caps of the material he reviewed; and he was unable to assess the volva at the base of the stem, because this area was badly damaged in all material he reviewed.—R. E. Tulloss |
brief editors | RET |
name | Amanita subsolitaria | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
author | (Murrill) Murrill. 1941. Mycologia 33: 436 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
name status | nomen acceptum | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
english name | "American Solitary Lepidella" | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
synonyms |
≡Venenarius subsolitarius Murrill. 1941. ycologia 33: 448.
=Amanita solitariiformis (Murrill) Murrill. 1941. Mycologia 33: 448. ≡Venenarius solitariiformis Murrill. 1941. Mycologia 33: 435.
=Amanita crassifolia Bas nom. prov 1969. Persoonia 5: 516, figs. 297-299. The editors of this site owe a great debt to Dr. Cornelis Bas whose famous cigar box files of Amanita nomenclatural information gathered over three or more decades were made available to RET for computerization and make up the lion's share of the nomenclatural information presented on this site. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
MycoBank nos. | 284078, 291957, 284073, 291953 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
GenBank nos. |
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holotypes | A. subsolitaria & A. solitariiformis—FLAS | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
type studies |
subsolitaria—Jenkins. 1979. Mycotaxon 10: 193. solitariiformis—Jenkins. 1979. Mycotaxon 10: 190. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
revisions |
subsolitaria—Bas. 1969. Persoonia 5: 495, figs. 258-261. solitariiformis—Bas. 1969. Persoonia 5: 495, figs. 258-261. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
selected illustrations | Tulloss. 2000a. Boll. Gruppo Micol. G. Bresadola 43(2): 46 (fig. 3), 57 (fig. 5). | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
intro |
The following text may make multiple use of each data field. The field may contain magenta text presenting data from a type study and/or revision of other original material cited in the protolog of the present taxon. Macroscopic descriptions in magenta are a combination of data from the protolog and additional observations made on the exiccata during revision of the cited original material. The same field may also contain black text, which is data from a revision of the present taxon (including non-type material and/or material not cited in the protolog). Paragraphs of black text will be labeled if further subdivision of this text is appropriate. Olive text indicates a specimen that has not been thoroughly examined (for example, for microscopic details) and marks other places in the text where data is missing or uncertain. The following material not directly from the revision of Dr. C. Bas (1969) is based on original research by R. E. Tulloss. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
pileus | 50 - 100 mm wide, white to off-white to cream to dull yellow orange, sometimes with pinkish or tan tints, orangish near margin in age, convex to plano-convex, slightly umbonate, tacky when moist, shiny when dry; context white, unchanging or staining pale tan, 8 - 11 mm thick, thinning rapidly to membrane in last 5-6 mm; margin sometimes incurved, sometimes downcurved, appendiculate, nonstriate, sometimss short-striate in age; universal veil as white becoming gray, subfelted to floccose patches or as compressed (cake-like) warts on disc to scales margin or as off-white scattered fine pulverulence, easily removable. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
lamellae | free to narrowly adnate, crowded, anastomosing, sometimes forking, pale orangish cream to cream in mass, yellowish cream to cream in side view, 8.5 - 12 mm broad, edge with densely white flocculence; lamellulae rounded truncate to subtruncate to subattenuate to attenuate, unevely distributed, of diverse lengths, plentiful. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
stipe | (30-) 50 - 104 × (5-) 9 - 15 mm, narrowing upward or cylindric or slightly narrowing downward, flaring at apex, white to whitish, pale buff above ring (when ring is present), faintly browning with handling, at first covered with dense white flocculence; bulb (20-) 28 - 34 (-48) × 14 - 45 mm, carrot-shaped to narrowly napiform, rooting; context cream to sordid yellowish cream, solid; partial veil white, deciduous, subapical to superior, initially as thick flocculence or as very structured weakly fibrous-felted skirt-like annulus (then tearing easily, collapsing, much of the material left on pileus margin); universal veil absent or as fine thin lines around top of bulb, sometimes brownish gray lines day after collection. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
odor/taste | Odor like disinfectant in calcium chloride group or pungent and strong like subalkaline with floral element or like marshmellow. Taste not recorded. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
macrochemical tests |
Spot test for tyrosinase (paracresol) - ??. Spot test for laccase (syringaldazine) - strongly positive in the lower half of the bulb; negative throughout the remainder of the basidiome. H2SO4 (conc.) - pink to orangish pink in less than 30 sec. on lamella surface, fading away in less than 5 min.; negative in pileus, stipe, and bulb context and usually on pileipellis (except was a pink flash followed by a sordid spot). Spot test vouchers: Tulloss 7-29-84-C, 8-11-85-C, 7-26-87-C, 8-30-87-C, 8-21-93-J, 9-12-93-D, 9-12-93-E. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
pileipellis | Bas (1969) (A. subsolitaria): gelatinized; undifferentiated filamentous hyphae1.5 - 4.0 μm wide. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
subhymenium | Bas (1969) (A. subsolitaria): "inflated-ramose to subcellular." | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
basidia |
Bas (1969) (A. subsolitaria): ca. 45 - 60 × 9 - 12 μm, 4-sterigmate; clamps present. RET: ??; clamps common, rather thin-walled compared to the walls of basidia and of cells of subhymenium. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
universal veil |
Bas (1969) (A. subsolitaria): On pileus: with elements in "irregularly (?) disposed rows"; filamentous undifferentiated hyphae dominating close to pileipellis and there up to 8.0 μm wide; inflated cells dominating away from pileipellis, mostly globose or ellipsoid or pyriform, 15 - 50 (-60) × 10-35 (-45) μm, scattered and cylindric in layer colse to pileipellis, with inflated cell dominated (upper) layer sometimes lost in old specimens; vascular hyphae scattered in region away from pileipellis, otherwise not noted. RET: On pileus: filamentous, undifferentiated hyphae ? µm wide, plentiful in base, scarce above base; inflated cells dominating above very base, hyaline to slightly brownish in mass, generally with vertical orientation, in chains, easily dissociated, clavate to broadly clavate (up to 59 × 31 µm) to subfusiform (up to 75 × 28 µm) to subglobose or globose (up to 32 × 30 µm), with walls up to 1.0 µm thick; vascular hyphae 3.0 - 7.5 µm wide, branching, scattered throughout. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
stipe context | Bas (1969) (A. subsolitaria): longitudinally acrophysalidic; vascular hyphae plentiful. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
lamella edge tissue | Bas (1969) (A. subsolitaria): "Rather broad strip of collapsed elements, probably with many hyphae." | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
basidiospores |
Bas (1969) (A. subsolitaria): [20/1/1] 11.0 - 13.5 × 4.5 - 6.0 μm, (Q = 2.10 - 2.70; Q = 2.30), slightly yellowish, thin-walled, smooth, amyloid, cylindric; apiculus not described; contents subrefractive, granular; color in deposit not recorded. Bas (1969) (A. solitariiformis): [40/2/2] 11.5 - 15.5 × 4.5 - 6.0 μm, (Q = 2.0 - 3.10; Q = 2.30 - 2.60), slightly yellowish, thin-walled, smooth, amyloid, cylindrical, rarely bacilliform, sometimes slightly strangulate in middle; apiculus not described; contents subrefractive, granular to guttulate; color in deposit not recorded. from type study of A. solitariiformis by Jenkins (1979): [-/-/1] (12.5-) 13.3 - 14.1 (-15.6) × 4.7 - 5.5 μm, (Q = 2.42 - 3.0; Q' = 2.69), hyaline, thin-walled, amyloid, cylindric to bacciliform, often adaxially flattened; apiculus sublateral, short, cylindric; contents guttulate; color in deposit not recorded. from type study of A. subsolitaria by Jenkins (1979): [-/-/1] (10.9-) 11.7 - 12.8 (-13.3) × (4.7-) 5.0 - 5.5 μm, (Q = 2.20 - 2.66; Q' = 2.36), hyaline, thin-walled, amyloid, cylindric, often adaxially flattened; apiculus sublateral, short, cylindric; contents guttulate; color in deposit not recorded. composite of data from all material revised by RET: [616/28/28] (7.3-) 9.1 - 14.0 (-21) × (3.5-) 4.0 - 5.2 (-6.5) µm, (L = (8.9-) 9.6 - 13.6 (-13.8) µm; L’ = 11.4 µm; W = 4.1 - 5.1 µm; W’ = 4.6 µm; Q = (1.57-) 2.0 - 3.0 (-3.83); Q = (2.03-) 2.21 - 2.79 (-2.81); Q’ = 2.47), smooth, thin-walled, hyaline, colorless, amyloid, elongate to cylindric to bacilliform, rarely ellipsoid; apiculus sublateral, ??; contents ??; white in deposit. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
ecology | Solitary to subgregarious. New Jersey: At ca. 30 m elev. In sand in Quercus-Pinus rigida barrens or in lawns under Quercus or in loamy sand of Quercus woods. Florida: In Quercus-Pinus forest (A. subsolitaria) or under Quercus and Pinus (Bas 1969). Texas: In Quercus woods or in an arid sandhill with Quercus and Pinus or in Fagus-Magnolia-Pinus taeda-Quercus alba slope forest or in Pinus-dominated uplands or in mixed Pinus-hardwood forest. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
material examined |
Bas (1969):
U.S.A.:
FLORIDA—Alachua Co. - Gainesville, 1.vi.1938 W. A. Murrill F16449(holotype of A. subsolitaria, FLAS), 9.viii.1937 W. A. Murrill F16415 (holotype of A. solitariiformis, FLAS), 15.ix.1938 W. A. Murrill F18109 (FLAS, as "A. solitariiformis).
NORTH CAROLINA—Orange Co. - Chapel Hill(?), Prince's Crk. 11.x.1936 W. C. Coker 10292 (NCU, as A. crassifolia). Watauga Co. - Blowing Rock, 26.viii.1922 A. Holland 5805 (NCU, as A. crassifolia). from type study of A. solitariiformis by Jenkins (1979): U. S. A.: FLORIDA— Alachua Co. - Gainesville, 9.viii.1937 W. A. Murrill F 16415 (holotype, FLAS). from type study of A. subsolitaria by Jenkins (1979): U. S. A.: FLORIDA— Alachua Co. - Gainesville, 1.vi.1938 W. A. Murrill F 16449 (holotype, FLAS). RET: U.S.A.: CONNECTICUT—Middlesex Co. - Salmon River St. For., N sect., 24.viii.2007 Connie Borodenko s.n. [Tulloss 8-24-07-B] (RET 439-6). FLORIDA—Oskaloosa Co. - ??. MASSACHUSETTS—Plymouth Co. (Cape Cod) - Duxbury, 20.x.1985 Pat Peterson s.n. [Tulloss 10-20-85-PP1] (RET 131-1). NEW JERSEY—Burlington Co. - Brendan T. Byrne St. For., Pakim Pond [39°52’49” N/ 74°32’02” W, 35 m], 23.x.2011 NJMA foray participant s.n. [Tulloss 10-23-11-C] (RET 504-7); Medford, Medford Lakes, 654 Tabernacle Rd. [38°50'57" N/ 74°45'48" W, 32 m], 28.vii.2012 L., M. A., O. C. & R. E. Tulllss 7-28-12-A (RET ??). Rancocas St. Pk., ca. Hainesport, 17.viii.1984 David C. Tulloss s.n. [Tulloss 8-17-84-A] (RET 206-7), 17.viii.1984 David Farr s.n. [Tulloss 8-17-84-C] (RET 051-1). Mercer Co. - Hightstown [40°15’57” N/ 74°31’04” W], 17.viii.1981 R. E. Tulloss 8-17-81-A1 (RET 0173-1), -A2 (RET 322-3), 18.ix.1981 M. A. King & R. E. Tulloss 9-18-81-A (RET 172-2), -B (RET ??). Middlesex Co. - Jamesburg Twp., Jamesburg Twp. Pk., ca. Helmetta [40°23’07” N/ 74°25’48” W, 17 m], 12.viii.1981 R. E. Tulloss 8-12-81-K (RET 109-9), 18.ix.1982 D. C., M. H., R. E. Tulloss 9-18-82-B (RET 321-2), -F (RET 321-3), 21.viii.1983 M. A. King & R. E. Tulloss 8-21-83-C (RET 471-6), -D (RET 469-5), 3.ix.1983 D. C. & R. E. Tulloss 9-3-83-E (RET 469-1), 29.vii.1984 R. E. Tulloss 7-29-84-C (RET 243-2), 6.ix.1984 R. E. Tulloss 9-6-84-A (RET 206-9), 28.ix.1985 D. C. & R. E. Tulloss 9-28-85-G (RET 098-5), 21.viii.1993 R. E. Tulloss 8-21-93-J (RET 097-4), 12.ix.1993 M. A. King, S. E. K. Tulloss & R. E. Tulloss 9-12-93-B (RET 103-9), -D (RET 103-10), -E (RET 103-8). Monmouth Co. - Roosevelt, 22 Lake Dr. [40°12'49.7052" N/ 74°28'19.0416" W, 47 m], 15.ix.1999 R. E. Tulloss 9-15-99-A (RET 300-5); Roosevelt, E of cemetery near border with Millstone Twp. [40°13'00" N/ 74°27'23" W, 68 m], 21.vii.2002 R. E. Tulloss 7-21-02-A (RET 327-4). Ocean Co. - ca. New Egypt, on Rte. 539 S of Rte. 528, Baldauf prop., 6.ix.1981 M. A. King, R. E. Tulloss 9-6-81-B (RET 172-1), -C (RET 0172-3); Waretown, Hogenbirk prop., [Note: RET has still not combined data from all the collections with cake-like warts with the data from all the collections with granular warts. It's a big job that's left undone.] RET [yellowing collections]: U.S.A.: NEW JERSEY—Middlesex Co. - Jamesburg Twp., Jamesburg Twp. Pk., ca. Helmetta [40°23’07” N/ 74°25’48” W, 17 m], 2.x.1986 R. E. Tulloss 10-2-86-A (RET 467-2), 17.vii.1991 R. E. Tulloss 7-17-91-B (RET 010-5). NEW YORK—Nassau Co. (Long Isl.) - Bethpage St. Pk., 14.ix.2000 J. L. Horman 3 (RET 320-5). Sussex Co. (Long Isl.) - Terrell R. Moriches Co. Nature Preserve, 7.ix.2000 J. L. Horman 4 (RET 320-4). NORTH CAROLINA—Unkn. Co. - unkn. loc. (brought into Highlands Biological Station, Highlands), 19.vii.1990 unkn. coll. s.n. [Harley Barnhart 90-8] (RET 026-8). TEXAS—Hardin Co. - Big Thicket Nat. Preserve, Turkey Crk. Unit, Kirby Nature Tr., 26.vii.1982 D. P. Lewis 3215 (RET 014-2). Newton Co. - Bleakwood, Co. Rd. 3062, Lewis prop. [30º42.509’ N/ 93º49.630’ W], 5.x.1997 D. P. Lewis 5909 (RET 285-6). San Antonio Co. - Angelina Nat. For., Turkey Hill Wilderness Area, ca. Big Sandy Crk., For. Rd. 307, 25.x.1997 D. P. Lewis 5948 (RET 285-5). | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
discussion |
more t.b.d.Yellowing syndrome | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
citations | —R. E. Tulloss | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
editors | RET | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
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name | Amanita subsolitaria |
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[ Keys & Checklists ] |
name | Amanita subsolitaria |
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[ Keys & Checklists ] |
Each spore data set is intended to comprise a set of measurements from a single specimen made by a single observer; and explanations prepared for this site talk about specimen-observer pairs associated with each data set. Combining more data into a single data set is non-optimal because it obscures observer differences (which may be valuable for instructional purposes, for example) and may obscure instances in which a single collection inadvertently contains a mixture of taxa.